For example, using per-unit values, below are shown per-phase circuits:įigure 1. How is the phase-shift taken into account? At least on the popular textbooks by Grainger & Stevenson and by Glover & Sarma, the authors use a "complex turns ratio". In such single-phase circuits, we substitute the three-phase transformer with a single-phase transformer. This is taken into account as explained in the standard IEC 60076-1 by indicating the vector groups of the transformer.Īs may also know, we can analyze balanced three-phase circuits using single-phase (or per-phase) equivalent circuits, whether using per-unit values or real values. As you know, three-phase two-winding transformers can produce a phase-shift between the line-to-line or line-to-neutral phasor voltages of one side and the respective line-to-line or line-to-neutral phasor voltages of the other side.
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